A migraine is a headache that can cause intense throbbing or a pulsing sensation in one area of the head, typically behind the forehead and eyes. Many people who experience migraines also have symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound. Talk to your healthcare provider about pain management, several over the counter medications—such as Advil, Tylenol, Excedrin, and Motrin can help. Patients with chronic migraines may also be candidates for prescription migraine medication (i.e., Qulipta). Migraines are thought to be caused by changes in the brainstem and/or chemical imbalances in the brain. Some patients are more susceptible to migraines than others, and certain triggers, such as stress, bright lights, or the following strong odors can trigger an attack:

1. Cigarette smoke

This is one of the most common triggers of migraines. The scent of tobacco smoke from cigarettes, pipes, cigars, and vape pens can be overwhelming enough to irritate the senses. In addition, smokers are often unaware of their habit’s effect on those around them. Secondhand smoke can be just as harmful as first hand smoke, triggering shortness of breath, coughing, asthma attacks, and migraines in people sensitive to smells. If you smoke, it’s important to be considerate of those around you, and if you’re trying to quit, several resources are available to help you. In either case, avoiding cigarette smoke is important in preventing migraines.

2. Food odors

Cooking smells from frying foods can be a major trigger for many migraine sufferers. Unfortunately, this can make cooking and eating a challenge. However, you can do a few things to minimize the impact of food odors. First, try to cook with strong-smelling spices sparingly. Open windows or use fans to ventilate the area while cooking. And when dining out, try to avoid restaurants known for their strong smells. By taking these precautions, you may be able to enjoy your favorite foods without triggering a migraine.

3. Perfumes and fragrances

Perfumes and other strong fragrances can be particularly problematic, as they can be overwhelming and difficult to avoid. Even a small amount of perfume can trigger a migraine for people sensitive to smells. In some cases, the scent may need to be close to trigger a reaction, but in others, it may be enough to be in the same room as someone wearing strong perfume or cologne. In some cases, even natural scents like flowers can be problematic. If you suffer from migraines, it’s important to be aware of the potential triggers in your environment and take steps to avoid them.

4. Chemical cleaners

The chemicals in many household cleaners can be strong enough to cause migraines in some people. The fumes from these products can irritate the lining of the nose and lungs and may also trigger inflammation and pain. The most common offenders include cleaning products that contain bleach and ammonia. If certain scents trigger migraines, try using unscented products or natural cleaning solutions made with vinegar and essential oils. You might also want to open windows or use an air purifier to ventilate your home and reduce exposure to potentially offending odors.

5. Scented candles or air fresheners

Strong smells from scented candles or air fresheners can trigger migraines in some people. The chemicals in these products can irritate the mucous membranes, causing inflammation and headaches. If you suffer from migraines, it’s best to avoid strongly-scented products altogether. Instead, opt for unscented versions or natural air fresheners like beeswax candles or essential oil diffusers in lighter scents that don’t trigger your symptoms.

If you are susceptible to migraines, it may be best to avoid scented products altogether. You should also be aware of other potential triggers like bright lights or loud noises so that you can take steps to avoid them. By being proactive about your migraine management, you can help minimize the frequency and severity of your headaches.